The colors of jade in jade are divided into two categories, one is the color of the material itself, which is the color of the jade mine; the second type is the color change that occurs after the jade is made. Let's get to know the ancient jade by the short seven ancient jade colors.

Oxidation of jade in the air

When jade is exposed to the air, it will be weathered. The main change is oxidation. The weathering and color change of jade in the air varies depending on the fineness of the material. The weathering of the jade material is small or does not change. The process of color change caused by the oxidation of jade in the air is very slow. Some jade articles are placed in the natural state for hundreds of years, and the surface color is almost unchanged.

The Palace Museum has a number of Ming Dynasty jade belt plates, some of which are white jade light strips. It may be the works of the early Ming Dynasty. The surface color has become dark and partially grayish yellow. It should be the color change caused by the erosion of oxygen-containing gas in the air. It is inferred that the jade is placed in a natural state for about five hundred years, and the surface of some jade may produce a discernible slight discoloration, which often occurs on some white jade and sapphire products.

Changes in jade wares in tombs

Most of the ancient jade articles unearthed in the ancient tombs have color changes. The reasons for the changes may be caused by the chemical components contained in the burial objects in the tomb, and may also be caused by the erosion of soil chemical components. The ancients have given great importance to this issue, called "twilight."

Artificial disk

After the jade is made, after a certain period of manual rubbing by the user or long-term friction with the human body, the surface gloss will be more moist, and the transparency will be slightly stronger, especially the ancient jade that has entered the soil. Some of the jade's red color is the "red ripe red" that gradually changes after the jade is turned into soil.

Artificial dyeing

The artificial dyeing of jade is a very old craft, and the original artificial jade is only the pursuit of jade beauty. With the advent of pseudo-ancient jade, jade dyeing has become an important means of making fake jade. There is information that has been adopted in the production of antique jade in the Song Dynasty.

Black spot and mercury 沁

The blue-white jade material often has a partial black color, which is caused by the inclusion of a large amount of graphite between the single crystal material of white jade or white jade (Deng Shuping, "Recording the ancient jade and identifying the test"). There are several kinds of such jade materials. One is black ink dots stored in the transparent white jade, which is called sesame plaque. These jade materials are used in the jade from the Han Dynasty to the jade in the Ming Dynasty. Modern jade jade also uses this type of jade. The second is the partial light and dark color, which varies in depth and has a change in shade. The third is pure black as lacquer, forming plaques in the jade, and the black and white boundaries are distinct.

The ancients referred to the black spots on some jade articles as mercury sputum, which was considered to be the color change caused by the intrusion of mercury in the soil. In fact, it is called jade with mercury enamel, and the black spots on it are many of the original ink colors in jade. Is there a black color that does not exist in the jade material? There are indications that the black spots on some jade objects are the color changes caused by the burial in the soil. For example, the red mountain culture beast first three-ring device unearthed in Qingyuan, Liaoning Province, is made of sapphire, with three central rings and one outward on each side. The head is covered with black in the local crack.

Many ink spots on jade are artificially dyed. The method of artificial blackening can be roughly defined as two kinds. One is dyeing paint. There is a Yugui, which belongs to the Neolithic Age. It is displayed in the jade museum. Its guild has been broken, only half of it is in the dark. The oil is bright like paint, and the section can be seen. The original work is sapphire. The surface is a layer of ink, like an eggshell. The color of the guise is not made in the soil, but artificially dyed. The Ming people mentioned the black lacquer in the "Ge Gu Essentials", we can not analyze, black lacquer ancient is dyed with black lacquer or dyed black lacquer color, this piece of paint is very likely to be dyed. The work is old jade, and the age of dyeing jade is difficult to determine. The second method of artificial blackening is fire. "The black and white boundary of the real person of Mercury is clear as a knife cut. Or to raise oil, the black one is ambiguous." That is to say, the oil extraction method and the wood chip black method can also be used for mercury. In the late Qing Dynasty, the court caught fire and burned a large number of artifacts. The color change produced by the burnt jade was white, gray and black. The temperature of the white is high, and the temperature of the black person is low. Among them, there is no shortage of black tar and the surface is bright, and some of the jade is white and black and half, which obviously shows that the color on the jade becomes artificial barbecue.

Macular and bandit

A sapphire and white jade products often have yellow spots. These yellow spots can be divided into jade color, ochre, and dyeing. The jade color is the original color of the jade material skin. This color is caused by the weathering of jade material in the air. It can be divided into two types. One is weathered for a long time. The skin of jade has been badly formed, forming a thicker cortex. The cortex is often dark yellow, dark and so on, which is the skin of the jade that people often say. It is difficult to understand the jade inside from the outside of the jade. Some of the unearthed hardness jade also carries this kind of yellow spot. The book "Ge Gu Yao Lun" records: "I have seen a lot of loess on the vegetable jade chain, and can not wash it, this soil is also ancient." Yellow is caused by the burial of jade in the soil. According to the ancients, the color change of this jade is more complicated. Kong Shangren talked about the ancient jade in the "thick gold thin": "Hanyu 羌 flute, color 甘黄如柳Flowers, ... for the Han Chinese undoubtedly, all the light, no sweat, no soil," "Thundering Han Yuhuan, the diameter of two inches, the inside is equal, the pulp is cooked and crisp."

The sweat and patina that are discussed here are all caused by the jade color and then by the disk. In fact, in the archaeological excavation, jade with yellow ochre is rarely seen. The yellow spots on some jade articles are probably the original jade skin. The yellow plaques on the jade articles are often artificially dyed. When encountering jade with yellow spots, you should carefully distinguish them.

White spotted and otter

Many jade articles will appear white stains after being buried. The actual jade person calls this kind of stain as leeches, which means that its appearance is related to the moisture contained in the soil. In the Qing Dynasty literature "Yu Ji Bu" said: "Westerners, dry soil, southern soil, warm soil, dry soil spots dry knots, wet soil spots and sputum, dry knots have scars, puddles also It can be seen that the Qing Dynasty people have noticed the problem of leeches.

According to the interpretation of the literature, the color of the puddle jade should be jade without scars and scars, that is, black jade without black, green, yellow, brown, red and other colors. This type of ochre is limited to white or black. From the perspective of jade artifacts discovered by archaeological finds, the situation of white or gray enamel is very complicated. On the jade unearthed in northeast, Shandong, Hebei and other places, it is likely to see white freckles, but Liaoning built A piece of jade animal head jade that belongs to the Hongshan culture jade is unearthed. The surface is all dark gray. The original color of the jade material has not been seen. The reason for the formation is the black color or the artificial treatment at the time of manufacture. in-depth analysis.

There are very few jade articles discovered in the Neolithic Age in Henan. There are a large number of jade articles in Shang Dynasty. Some of them are ivory white, which should be the combination of the characteristics of jade and the combination of ochre. There are also many jade articles that are chicken bone white, and the proportion of jade is also light. This phenomenon should be caused by twilight. However, it is difficult to appear chicken bone white on the jade wares of the Spring and Autumn Warring States unearthed in Henan. Some of the jade objects have local infiltrative water color changes. Many jade articles unearthed in southern provinces such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Guangdong have water rafts. This otter has a large area and different degrees of depth. The local hardness of some works is very low. The author saw a small amount of gray-white enamel on the Han Dynasty jade in Anhui. The ochre distribution is wide, the patch is not large, but the smear is deep, forming a strong contrast with the surrounding jade.

There are green and white jade materials in the jade material of nature. The Palace Museum has a Fuhai Da Yuhai made in the Qing Dynasty. Its jade material is green and blue, but it is mixed with gray-white patches. The color of the jade on the jade is like that, the jade is very large, and the amount of jade material should be large. At present, there are no other utensils made of such jade. I believe that the material will be used to make antique jade. The possibility of using the characteristics of jade itself to make antique otters is there.

Artificially imitated jade leeches exist in large quantities, soaked and corroded with acid liquids, or fired. The colors produced by these two methods are identifiable after observation.

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